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Studies in Deixis, Topics and Focus, In order to mitigate the lack of context inherent to the study of dead languages, the author has developed a descriptive model that combines (a) cognitive approaches to reference, (b) a theory of information structure, and (c) typological studies on demonstratives. With the help of this model the author not only provides for the first time a thorough description of the long-known demonstratives ka- ´this´ and apa- ´that´, but also identifies a third demonstrative, asi ´that, yonder´. This identification has led to a reappraisal of the distal semantics of apa-: apa- does not mark remote objects at all but points at objects in the vicinity of the addressee. In short, the Hittite demonstratives are not distance- but person-based. As a third person pronoun, apa- also expresses emphasis. A detailed analysis within the framework of information structure shows, for example, that apa- in preverbal position marks a referent as the Contrastive Focus of its clause (in ´the dog (not the cat) chased the horse´, dog is in Contrastive Focus). Non-contrastive focal apa-, on the other hand, always occurs in initial position. The addition of information structure to the grammatical description of Hittite thus provides a better understanding of the meaning effects of word order variation in this SOV language. PDF, 01.01.2015.

The Hittite Demonstratives ab 98 EURO Studies in Deixis, Topics and Focus.